The evolution and adaptation of infanticide and siblicide

The evolution and alteration of infanticide and siblicideINTRODUCTION LIFE HISTORYThe term support history describes an organisms dodging of in allocating time and energy between egress, reproduction and survival (Levin 2009 Bergon, Townsend and harpist 2008). emotional state history traits make up an organisms purport history and include growth patterns, coat of it at birth, size and age at sexual maturity, the number, size and sex ratio of issue, p arntal cargon and length of life (Levin 2009 Bergon, Townsend and harpist 2008). The effect of finite resource availability on organisms for potential investment funds into growth, reproduction, and survival, is to set limits on life history traits, a groovy deal referred to as trade-offs (Levin 2009 Bergon, Townsend and Harper 2008 Cotgreave and Forseth 2008). If an organism commits more time and energy into unmatched specific life history trait, it will come at a cost, a decrement of time and energy that may have been available to one or more parvenu(prenominal) life history traits (Levin 2009 Bergon, Townsend and Harper 2008). An example of this often observed in relation to procreative strategies (Forbes and fling 2000). Many fruitful strategies have evolved but atomic number 18 always subject to tradeoffs it is a bumprence of quantity versus quality (Forbes and jeer 2000). Life history traits respond wish any other phenotypic trait to natural selection and and then represent adaptations that have been made by organisms to their environments (Levin 2009 Cotgreave and Forseth 2008).The question Offspring ar difficult to take in and ar a critical determinate of fitness. So how does siblicide and infanticide evolve as a life history system and ar they adaptive?SIBLICIDEThe demise of an individualistic as a result of other directly related individuals actions is referred to as siblicide (Anderson 1995 Godfray and Harper 1990 Anderson 1989). Siblicide may transpire among siblings or be brought about by the actions of parents (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Anderson 1995). Siblicide has been documented occurring in plants, fish, insects and mammals but has been ruff observed in avians (Holcomb 2001 Mock and Parker 1997). There are many hypotheses surround siblicide and why it occurs (Godfray and Harper 1990). Siblicide may take place as a direct tenor of assault on another sibling finished physical attacks or expulsion from the nest, or may transpire indirectly in the form of exclusion from food by competition which results in starvation (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008). There are two forms of siblicide known as hold in and facultative siblicide (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Anderson 1995 Anderson 1988).The Brood Reduction dead reckoning best supports facultative siblicide as an adaptive reproductive strategy that benefits both parents and surviving offspring in response to the event of unpredictable resource ill-judgedages (Forbes and Mock 2000 Mock and Parker 1997). The strategy is to hatch as many offspring as would normally be expected if conditions were optimal (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Forbes and Mock 2000 Anderson 1995). In the event that environmental conditions are severe and the resources available are unable to meet the demands for all of the offspring to survive, sibling rivalry ensues and is anticipated to become fatal resulting in get over reduction (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Forbes and Mock 2000 Mock and Parker 1997). The reduction in brood size will then allow the parents to succeederfully raise the remaining kids (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Forbes and Mock 2000 Godfray and Harper 1990). Blue-footed boobies are wellhead known for facultative siblicide (Anderson 1995 Anderson 1988). They are qualified of laying between one and four eggs, the average clutch size though is usually two (Anderson 1995). When resources are plentiful all of the chicks are hatched, and fledge, however, should resources be scarce, the startle hatched chick w ill dispatch the jr. siblings (Anderson 1995).Obligate siblicide is the occurrence of siblicide regard little of resource abundance (Anderson 1989). Parents regularly produce more offspring than they discharge succeederfully fledge and it is the case that one the first born nestling will eliminate the second nestling soon afterwards hachure (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Forbes and Mock 2000 Anderson 1989). The hypothesis that best supports agree siblicide is the Insurance Egg hypothesis (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Forbes and Mock 2000 Anderson 1989). The Insurance Egg hypothesis is the theory that parents actually produce a second egg specifically as a backup, in the event that the first egg fails or succumbs to predation (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Forbes and Mock 2000 Anderson 1989). The cost of the second egg is essentially less to the parents than the benefit of producing that insurance egg should the first egg fail (Forbes and Mock 2000 Anderson 1989). This overproduction is an adap tive response to the insecurity of offspring survival or viability (Forbes and Mock 2000 Anderson 1989. In general, very few species of bird commit constipate siblicide (Anderson 1989). The masked boobies and brown boobies are two obligately siblicidal species (Anderson 1995 Anderson 1989).Blue-footed boobies, masked boobies and brown boobies all utilize the same life history trait of asynchronous crosshatch (Anderson 1995 Anderson 1988). There are differences however, between the asynchronous hatch times as a result of facultative or obligative siblicide (Anderson 1995 Anderson 1988). The length of asynchronous hatching is shorter in the blue-footed boobies than the masked or brown boobies, mainly due to the form of siblicide (Anderson 1988). The effect of asynchronous hatching on the nestlings is conferred in age, size and hierarchy of the first hatched nestling over the second or terzetto nestling and therefore, the offspring hatched first has the competitive ad a traint-gard etage over the later hatched offspring as a result (Anderson 1988). In regard to facultative siblicide, this manipulation by the parents in staggering hatching times can be viewed as a strategy to compensate the uncertainty of resource availability by bestowing the competitive proceeds on the first hatched nestling should brood reduction become requisite in the event of a shortage of resources (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Anderson 1988). In regard to obligative siblicide, the first hatched chick will inevitably commit siblicide and therefore the advantages of world first born come into play (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Anderson 1989).INFANTICIDEThe term infanticide can be described as the killing of dependent offspring by individuals be to the same species (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 1988). Infanticide is not limited to the killing of unweaned offspring, it can occur during the reproductive cycle, for example re-absorption of the embryo or abortion, and can be commit by females and males as well as offspring or other members within the social collection (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008). Infanticide has been observed in mammals, including several primate species and lions (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 1988 pugilist and Pusey 1983). The act of infanticide is an adaptive behaviour strategy to enhance individual fitness (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Agrell and Wolff 1998 Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 1988 Packer and Pusey 1983). Infanticide of unrelated infants committed by males due to reproductive competition is supported by the sexual selection hypothesis (Kappeler and van Schaik 2004 Borries et al. 1999 Agrell and Wolff 1998 Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 1988). Under this hypothesis, infanticidal males secure mating opportunities and increase their gamble of siring infants and therefore obtain a reproductive advantage and increase fitness (Borries et al. 1999).African lions (Panthera leo) and entellus langurs (Presbytis entellus) both live in groups consisting of one do minant male and a number of females (Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 1988). The residence time of the dominant male is usually short, somewhat two years (Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 1988). Infanticide occurs as a consequence of a group takeover, one male gaining control of anothers group (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Kappeler and van Schaik 2004). As a result of short term dominance status of males in these instances, it is to the advantage of the usurping male to dispatch of infants within the group so he can take full advantage of the females reproductive career (Kappeler and van Schaik 2004 Borries et al. 1999). both female langurs and lions share a common life history trait, they are almost always ready to resume sexual activity and have reproducing after the loss of their unweaned infant much(prenominal) earlier than they differently would if they still had care of their dependant offspring (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Kappeler and van Schaik 2004). There is deduction to show that female primates and lions swiftly revert to estrus after the loss of their unweaned infant (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Kappeler and van Schaik 2004 Borries et al. 1999 Packer and Pusey 1983). Whilst females are lactating, they are effectively unresponsive to further reproduction (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Packer and Pusey 1983). Therefore, the act of infanticide and the energetic return of estrus as a result, ensures the females bear infants to the usurper much sooner than if the females had surviving infants (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Kappeler and van Schaik 2004 Borries et al. 1999 Agrell and Wolff 1998).Infanticide is undoubtedly a major blemish for female reproductive success even though it may well be an adaptive behavioral strategy for male reproductive success (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Kappeler and van Schaik 2004 Packer and Pusey 1983). As such females have developed reverberation strategies in an attempt to decrease their reproductive losses as a result of infanticidal males after a takeover has occurre d (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Kappeler and van Schaik 2004 Agrell and Wolff 1998 Packer and Pusey 1983). research into these behavioural strategies has revealed a range of different tactics employed by females in an effort to rescue their infants from almost certain death (Hausfater and Hrdy 2008 Kappeler and van Schaik 2004 Agrell and Wolff 1998 Packer and Pusey 1983). Some of the strategies employed may include leaving the group, sometimes in the company of the deposed male, aggressively defending the infant from attacks by the new male, repeatedly mating with the new male to confuse paternity of already pregnant females at the time of takeover, pseudo-estrus of already pregnant females or in some cases, the termination of an early pregnancy to avoid the inevitable (Agrell and Wolff 1998 Packer and Pusey 1983).CONCLUSIONHow and why siblicide and infanticide life history strategies have evolved has been the subject of great debate for many years. The results of studies conducted put forward quite a lot of certainty in support of the different theories for both siblicide and infanticide being adaptive life history strategies (Kappeler and van Schaik 2004 Forbes and Mock 2000 Borries et al. 1999 Mock and Parker 1997 Agrell and Wolff 1998 Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 1988). In consideration of siblicide, studies conducted provide evidence in support of theories that facultative siblicide has evolved in response to the undependableness of resources and, obligate siblicide has evolved due to the uncertainty of survival or viability of offspring. Where infanticide is concerned, evidence favours the theory that evolution of this life history strategy is predominately an adaptive male behavioural strategy to increase reproductive success in response to short term dominant male status within groups. The act of infanticide increases the males chance of successfully siring offspring while they hold the dominant male status. In response, females have evolved counter-strategies to r educe the impact of infanticide on their reproductive success.In finish and in consideration of the evidence available, both siblicide and infanticide life history strategies are adaptive even though they seem to be contradictory to the success of reproduction.

Internship with MCB Bank Limited

Internship with MCB Bank LimitedExecutive SummaryMCB was built-in in 1997 and was later(prenominal) on privatized by the G overnment of Pakistan. The Nishat Group bought the study sh argons of the border and got the rights to adjudge the avers operations. After the privatization of the en self-reliance building, MCB has executed several(predicate) policies to decl atomic number 18 it 1 of the best chamfers of Pakistan they advance cleanfangled-sprung(prenominal) products and function and increase its operations by orifice new splites in Pakistan. Internship rearing is necessary for the degree of MBA as per HEC requirement. It is necessary for me to commit an internship session of nigh 6 to 8 weeks in each organization. I eat up chosen the banking sector beca mathematical function its my priority to play the note in banking sector and its similarly relevant to my area of interest and specialization.I did my octonary weeks internship at MCB Morgah branch, R awalpindi. My flex at MCB was truly an interesting experience. The branch I film chosen for internship is not a real big branch it has moreover four surgical incisions which includes client service incision, clarification part, remittance division and bills part.I welcome operation in in all the departments only when major act as in d superstar in first three departments as internee is not allowed to work dethawly in cash department as per the rule of the bank. This report gives an insight of the departments in which I work.In MCB divergent types of bank bills are opened according to the needs of customers. During my internship project for MCB I experienced close to(prenominal) new amours that I had never experienced before being a student, this document provided details of my achievements in term of pragmatical implementation and accord of working environment in MCB. I stick also learnt the work of the photocopier as I am assisting the officers so its in my duties to do the decamp as requested. I would resembling to highlight this that my experience with MCB was precise memorable and full of learning, where I constitute a haul of in prepareation.MCB is amongst the pi integrityer in introducing the new technology- traveling bagd banking operate. The human resource department of MCB is playing an key enjoyment in its growth.INTRODUCTION1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MCBMCB is among the leading banks of Pakistan who has deposit base of Rs. 400 Billion and total assets over Rs.600 Billion. Built-in 1947, MCB soon pull in the name of a solid and conservative financial institution controlled by the expatriate executives. In 1974, MCB was nationalized.The Bank has a customer base of more or less 4 million, a nationwide distribution ne devilrk of over 1,150 branches and over 600 ambiances in the market.MCB Bank Limited which was previously whopn as Moslem Commercial Bank Limited is not an overnight success story. It was integrate by the Adamjee Group on July 11, 1947 beneath the Indian Companies Act, VII of 1913 as a private bourneed smart set. The bank was established with a face to provide banking facilities to the job people of the South Asia. After the partition of the Indo-Pak subcontinent, the bank moved to Dhaka from where it commenced business in August 1948. In 1956, the bank shifted its registered office to Karachi. Thus, the bank inherits a 60 days legacy of spirit of its customers. MCB was the first bank which is privatized in 1991 the bank was purchased by Nishat Group. Nishat Group is one of the leading business groups in Pakistan.http//www.bankalfalah.com/images/man7.jpgMian Mohammad Mansha is the Chairman of the group he has play active role in success of MCB. In acknowledgment of Mr. Manshas contribution, the regime of Pakistan has awared him with Sitara-e-Imtiaz, which is one of the most prestigious civil awards of the artless.1.2 OBJECTIVES OF MCBCDocuments and SettingsAdministra torMy DocumentsMy PicturesMission_Insert_globe.jpg1.2.1 VISION avouchmentTo be the leading financial services provider, partnering with our customers for a more prospered and secure future1.2.2 MISSION STATEMENTWe are a team up of committed professionals, providing innovative and efficient financial solutions to build and nurture long relationships with our customers. In doing so, we ensure that our shareholders potentiometer couch with confidence in us.1.2.3 hollow out VALUES OF MCBThe core values of MCB are as fallows1.3 ORGANIZATIONAL complex body partFor successful discussion of the branches, MCB has been categorized into three segments with incompatible people handling each category. These categories areCorporate BankingCommercial BankingConsumer Banking1.3.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF MCB element WISEMANAGEMENT OF MCBMIAN MOHAMMAD MANSHACHAIRMANS.M. MUNEERV CHAIRMANMOHAMMAD AFTAB MANZOORC executiveTARIQ RAFI handlerSHEIKH MUKHTAR AHMEDDIRECTORMOHAMMAD ARSHADDIRECT ORSHAHZAD SALEEMDIRECTORRAZA MANSHADIRECTORSARMAD AMINDIRECTORMIAN UMER MANSHADIRECTOROVERSEAS BRANCHESMCB has seven overseas branches furthermore, the bank has some proposals under consideration to open more branches in some European countries and as hearty as in Japan chinaTOTAL NO OF BRANCHES7COLOMBO1MARDANA1PETTAH1OBU BAHRAIN1WELLAWATTE1EPZ1KANDY11.4 PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OF MCBPHONE BANKINGMCB SMART CARD wandering(a) BANKINGMCB TRAVELLER CHEQUESSMS BANKINGMCB MONEYGRAMCORPORATE FINANCINGMCB INVESTMENT BANKINGMCB FULL DAY BANKINGMCB dealing BANKINGMCB LOCKERSMCB SAVING 365 ACCOUNTMCB REMIT EXPRESSMCB SAVING XTRA ACCOUNTMCB Islamic BANKINGMCB CURRENT ACCOUNTMCB INTERNET BANKINGMCB BUSINESS ACCOUNTMCB EASY shaft PAYMCB FOREIGN CURRENCY ACCOUNTMCB CAR 4 UMCB WORKING CAPITALMCB ATMMCB DIMINISHING MUSHARIKA(NEW)MCB VISA PLATIUMMCB GURANTEE(NEW)MCB PRIVILIGE BANKINGMCB ISTISNA POST SHIPMET(NEW)MCB BANCASSURANCEMCB moon WEDDINGMCB RETIRE EASYMCB PROTECTION PLANMCB LIFE cooperat orMCB DYNAMIC CASH FUNDMCB KHUSHALI BACHAT ACCOUNTMCB BASIC BANKING ACCOUNTMCB head-to-head LIMITED ACCOUNTMCB PUBLIC LIMITED ACCOUNT2. in conformationation AND see to it2.1 INETERNSHIP SELECTION AND RATIONALE FOR SELECTIONInternship training program during Master in Business administration Program is necessary for the degree of MBA as per HEC requirement. It is imperious for me to do internship of close to 6 to 8 weeks in some(prenominal) organization. I switch chosen the banking sector because I want to gain the practical noesis almost the finance and its in my priority to get the reflect in bank and its also relevant to my area of interest and specialization. I choose MCB because of its prestigious name and reputation. An severalize solid reason of choosing MCB is that my Uncle is also working in MCB, so I puddle a fiber besides.2.2 INFORMATION ABOUT MY BRANCHI did my internship in MCB Morgah, Rawalpindi whose branch commandment is (1389).This branch is previously known as Al-Shifa Branch because this branch is previously in Al-Shifa Eye Hospital recently it was shifted out of the hospital to principal(prenominal) Morgah Chowk. This branch is not a very big branch having lone(prenominal) four primary(prenominal) departments. This is ONLINE branch but have no ATM is installed on it. Its main account holders include Pakistan Oil Field, Fauji Foundation University it has both students fees bill account and faculty accounts.2.2.1 MANAGEMENT OF MY BRANCHMr. ABDUL GHAFOORBRANCH animal trainerMr. BASEER NASIROPERATIONAL MANAGERMr. HAMMADclearing OFFICERMr. MOHSINCASH OFFICERMr. MANSOOR-UL-HASSAN market OFFICERMiss BEENISHG/L OFFICERMr. ARSHADSECURITY guard duty2.2.2 incisionS IN WHICH I WORKI did internship in the MCB online branch for the pointedness of 2 months. During the internship, I have worked at various departments, which are as follows,Customer Service plane sectionClearing Department subsidence Department currency Department.2.2.3 MY JOB DISCRIPTIONMy job is to assists the staff members of the branch at different positions.I have not disposed(p) any separate job and no separate task has been assigned to me.I helped the staff in the occasion matters like filling of different forms, run down filling, photocopying, opening of an account, stamping on vouchers etcBank is a very difficult type of organization and a very sensitive place to work confidentiality and trust is essential. That is the reasons repayable to which many an early(a)(prenominal) areas are still reach less for internees like cash operations, electronic information processing system operations and issues like that.2.3 DETAILS OF TRAINING department WISE2.3.1 customer SERVICE DEPARTMENTIn this department I was under the watchfulness of Mr. Mohsin, who is Customer Relational Officer. In this department Mr. Mohsin has taught me how to deal with the customers, how to fill the account opening forms, KYC forms and to check the balance from t he image parcel though I am not allowed checking the balance because of secrecy problems.LEARNING TASKS PERFORMED IN customer SERVICE DEPARTMENTThe major task make outed by me in this department is that I have opened the accounts of faculty members of FAUJI FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY by personally visiting the university.I have learnt about the opening of an account, the documents required for the opening of the account i.e Personal ID bank bill, Next of kin ID card, valid mailing address, allowance slip in case of salaried person, NTN in case of business account etcI have come to know about the spirit of different accounts and come to know that which account is suitable for which type of the customer like BBA account for salaried persons.How to communicate with the customers and tell the customer about his/her quires and tell the customer about the new products and services offered by the bank.I have learnt how to check the balance from the SYMBOL software though I am not allo wed to check the balance in the absence of CRO.How to preserve a cheque, fill the deposit slip for the cheque and to fill the form for the ONLINE transfer of fund.How to tell the balance on the telephone subsequently(prenominal) right verification.How to reactivate the Dormant Account.I have learnt about the procedure for the matter of ATM card. How to maintain the ATM cards in worthy order.2.3.2 CLEARING DEPARTMENTIn clearing department I worked under the inadvertence of Mr. Hammad and learned a lot from him I have learnt about the innermost and outer clearing.2.3.2.1. MEANING OF CLEARINGIn clearing the banks ex channelize cheques and other negotiable instruments drawn on each other within a specific area and in this manner safe payment for their customers by the Clearing House at precise succession in an well-organized way.2.3.2.2 PARTIES composite IN CLEARING in that respect are basically deuce parties come to in clearing.1. NIFTNIFT stands for National Institutiona l Facilitation Technologies. It is the ease given by the SBP to a private organization named NIFT. The duties of the NIFT includes, to collect the cheques, demand drafts, Pay orders and travelers Cheques, etcetera from all the branches of different banks within city through its carriers and send them to the branches for clearing.2. CLEARING nominateIt is a place where cheques are presented, collected from the bank branch. It is one of the services provided by NIFT to other technical banks. NIFT acts as a clearinghouse.2.3.2.3. TYPES OF CLEARINGThere are basically two types of clearing.OUTWARD CLEARINGIn outward clearing when cheque is received two copies of voucher are prepared, one c opy and instruments on with clearing stamp, realization stamp, add list and two vouchers of clearing abstract are sent to NIFT internal CLEARINGIn Inward clearing instruments received from NIFT are posted in Computers after checking.2.3.2.4. INSTRUMENTS USED FOR CLEARING followers are the Instrume nts utilize in clearing department.Transfer,Transfer Delivery,Clearing,Cheque collectionPay in slip.2.3.2.5. DIFFERENT REASONS OF CHEQUES ravish FROM CLEARINGIn inmost clearing sometimes cheques are not passed due to some reasons then cheques are sent back to NIFT along with cheque return memo. Some of these reasons areCheque is returned because some time it is incompleteCheque is returned if the clearing stamp is required.One another main reason of cheques return is incompleteness or difference in short pants sign from specimenOne reason of returning of cheque is that draftsman stop the payment.Cheques are also returned because of insufficient funds etc.LEARNING IN CLEARING DEPARTMENTMy learning in clearing department was of pursuance thingsI have learnt about the clearing procedure, types of clearing inward outward clearing.I have learnt how to check the cheques.I have learnt the different reasons of returning of cheques from NIFT.I have learnt how to prepare the sheets for clearing.I have learnt how to maintain clearing register.I have also learnt about the instruments used in clearing.I have come to know that the cheques are cleared on the next day.Once the NIFT department collect the instruments, any instruments received after that will be cleared after two days.2.3.3 absolution DEPARTMENTBank Alfalah Remittance2.3.3.1 MEANING OF REMITTANCERemittance is the transfer of resources from one place to another or from one person to another. It is an crucial facility provided by the banks to its customers as well as to its non-customers. Since it is not a free service it is a source of income for the bank. In Morgah branch the head of Remittance Department is Mr Hammad.2.3.3.2 PARTIES INVOLVED IN REMITTANCEThe following four parties are involved in remittance areRemitterRemitteeIssuing bank gainful bank2.3.3.3. TYPES OF REMITTANCERemittance is classified into following four typesINWARD REMITTANCE The instruments received for paymentOUTWARD REMITTANCE Ins truments issues to the responding branches.INLAND REMITTANCE Those instruments which are issue within the country.FOREIGN REMITTENCE Instruments issue from one country to another country.2.3.3.4. INSTRUMENTS USED IN REMITTANCEDemand Draft (DD)telegraphic Transfer (TT)Pay Order (PO)Call Deposit Receipt (CDR)Rupees Traveler Cheque (RTC)MY LEARNING IN REMITTANCE DEPARTMENTI have learned the following tasks in this department,My learning includes how to fill the forms of TT, DD, MT etc.I have worked during the Holy month of Ramzan. Zakat is deducted in this month so the bank gives the facility of CDR to its stanch customers who dont want to give zakat. I have also learnt how to make (CDR).I have learnt about the different instruments used in remittance.I have come to know about the different types of remittance.2.3.4 CASH DEPARTMENTCDocuments and SettingsAdministratorMy Documentsdollar-pakistan.jpgThe cash department is the most important and confidential department of the bank. In cas h department both cash deposits and withdrawals go side by side. In this department I havent perform any task but I have learnt different thing about this department. This department is involved in two activities coin Deposits and Cash payments. The officers in this department are called tellers and there are two tellers in Morgah branch Mr. Ahsan and Mr. Sabir. The phonograph records maintained in the cash department are as fallowCash Receipt BookCash Payment BookCash Balance BookMY LEARNING IN CASH DEPARTMENTI have not performed any task in this department but my learning in cash department includesIn this department I come to know about the Strong Room. Strong style is the room where cash is deposited and stored. The keys of this room are kept by Manager, useable Manager and the cashier.MCB has three categories of cash which are Sorted Cash, Soiled Cash and Unsorted Cash. Sorted cash is issued to the customer, soiled cash is basically destroyed cash which is not issue to cus tomer but sent to allege bank for reissuance.Every Bank has a cash limit which it support store after banking hours like in Morgah branch cash limit is 5 Millions. This amount of cash is insured by the state bank.I have learnt to fill the deposit slip and how to write a cheque for cash withdrawal.The cheque books are kept in the strong room. Internees are not allowed to go in this room.SWOT ANALYSIS OF MCBCUsersusmanDesktopswot_img2.gif2.3.1 inherent ANALYSIS OF MCBInternal analysis of the MCB is the analysis of its strengths and helplessnesses. MCB can enjoy foe advantage on other by increasing its strength and by making strategies to minimize its flunk Following are the main strengths and weaknesses of MCB.STRENGTHS OF MCB carriage can be defined as an area where a company is best at doing something as its competitors do. MCB enjoys the following strengthsMCB was the first privatized bank because of which it has agonistical advantage over other nationalized banks as it is f ree to make any market oriented strategy without political and government pressure.MCB is that it is the oldest private bank that has more than 1100 branches with online branches approx 650. It is the third giganticst bank in Pakistan.MCB is a well conventional bank who has a long record of over 60 days of experience and profitable operation. In MCB the default rate of the customers are very low than other banks like (The bank of Punjab) etc.MCB was the first bank who advanced e-banking and its Traveler cheques have been market leader for the past seven yearsMCB has cope with the challenges of latest technology by introducing the products like Virtual banking, fluid banking etc. MCB has been updated with the market.MCB have diversification of products and services for every type of customers like Privilege account, Debit card, Visa card, Car financing ,Agriculture financing etcMCB invest large about of money on training and development of employees so as to make them keen enou gh to cope up with the coming(prenominal) challenges.MCB has the competitive advantage on the other banks because of its reputation as mete out Winning Bank. MCB win the award of Best Domestic Bank in 2000 and 2001 by euro money.MCB now make a contract with Cirrus who is a subsidiary of MasterCard. This contract with Cirrus will enable the ATM card holder to use his account even when he is out of the country.MCB have faster banking services that are making it more prominent in the banking industry especially in Operations and Foreign exchange. The customer likes this bank not only because of its faster speedy service rather due to reasonable service charges.MCB not only provides high quality services but it also look for the comfort and ease of the clients, MCB always best-loved their customers.WEAKNESS OF MCBWeakness is defined as an area in a company where the company is not as approximate at doing something as its competitors do. MCB has the following weaknessesIn MCB most of the employees lack administrative training as they are not properly educated. Due to fourth-yearity, they have moved up to the Grade-I, II or III positions having hardly masters degrees. Most of the senior staffs are computer shy and unable to operate the computers because of which they cannot apply the newfangled and innovative techniques of management in decision making.The advertisement campaign of MCB is very weak or you can say you hardly see any advertisement. They have to focus on this aspect as electronic media make cracking impact on the customers mind as the latest merchandise campaign of HBL in which they have used a very illustrious character of Mr Bean. MCB should advertise about their products so that customer gets aware about their products.As recently MCB become Centralized which have positives as well as negative aspects as now for account opening form is sent to Head Office Karachi because of which customers have to wait a lot and the account opening procedur e become so much tougher that customers prefer to open their accounts to other banks whose account opening procedure is easier.Another weakness of MCB is the Favouritism and Nepotism in conjure upment or you can say it is the weakness of almost every organization in Pakistan but for bring outment of MCB they have to record the employees on the basis of merit.The overseas branch meshing of MCB is limited. It has only seven overseas branches whereas HBL has twenty overseas branches and NBP has fifteen overseas branches so MCB has to open more branches so as to vie with its competitors.The employees in MCB are not satisfied with the reward strategy. Rewards should be given after the surgical process appraisal. Employees of MCB at branch level are not rightly incite to do their work with full concentration they take the all routine activities as a boring job.The ATM network of MCB is largest ATM network in Pakistan but still there are certain areas that dont have the ATM. Most o f the branches of MCB are computerized but still there are some important branches that dont have computers.The software used by MCB for online purpose is SYMBOL which is excellent but sometime because of link down or disconnect many customers face problems.Another main issue which the employees of MCB face is regarding the work timing. On record the work time is from 9 to 5 but officially they usually go home after 7 or even after 8 because of which their productivity decreases. There is no separate time for launch because of which the employees health and efficiency decreases.2.3.2 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS OF MCBMCB has to varan its environment constantly to cope up with new developments and changes in the environment. A change in the external environment may be all an opportunity or threat. In either case the MCB has to properly use it strengths to avail the opportunities and avoid or minimize the off-putting effects of threats. Following are the main opportunities and threats of MCB .OPPURTUNITES OF MCBIn MCB context following are the opportunities MCB haveMCB can boost its Rupee Travellers Cheques (RTCs) sales by searching for new market segments.MCB can launch new debit card body or can convert the existing ATM cards into a complete debit card.Leasing sector in Pakistan is growing rapidly for the last-place three to four year which gives the bank an opportunity to go fore in this area.MCB can go for the new products launch by different banks like HBL ATM bill payment, UBL Omni Dukan, UBL Business Partner, UBL Selah Mila etcMCB can open new overseas branches to expand its branches and operations to compete with its competitors.MCB can finance to miniscule industries and handicrafts industries and can launch more effective and new well managed online banking system.MCB can also increase Islamic banking to boost the business of the bank.MCB can also go for the student finance service and it can also introduce mobile ATM.THREATS OF MCBThreat can define as a c hange in external environment which if not met with proper strategies will conduce in loss of revenues. In the context of MCBs external environment the following potential threats existMCB greatest threat is from other private commercial banks with sound success e.g. UBL, Alfalah, and HBL etc.The threat which every organization including MCB in Pakistan is facing is of the political and economic instability. Changes in the government policies have mischievously presumeed the banking business as the banks have to wait to get leave of state bank.The war against terrorism has negatively affect Pakistans economy, which may affect MCB.Another threat for MCB is from the prosperous foreign banks. MCB have to upgrade its system and should launch new and innovative products so compete with its foreign competitors.Pakistan is an Islamic state where mostly people are Muslims and are abide by the religious laws which dont allow them to use some features of banks like Interest on deposits so they dont prefer banking culture.The new product like UBL Selah Mila is a great threat to MCB as they are giving discounted mark ups to those customers who have level-headed credit history and trying to get the customers of MCB.The decrease in the purchase power of the customers in the current economic situation affects the banking sector besides much and the result is the low investment from the investors in new projects.RECOMMENDATIONSRecommendations are basically pinning out the weaker areas of the organization and develop strategies to overcome these weaker areas by giving suggestions. After working as an internee in MCB for the period of two months I am able to make the following recommendations for the bank.The most important area where MCB has to improve is its advertisement. MCB should give proper advertisement of its products extensively to create awareness about the products and to capture the large market share.MCB should decorate the branches as the most of the modern banks attract customers with their modern office looks and fresh environment.MCB should recruit the applicants on the basis of merit and skills. The HR department of MCB should not recruit the applicants on the basis of Favoritism and Nepotism.HR department of MCB should give proper training to its employees so that they can cope up with the future challenges and they should plant different workshops for the employees on better communication of staff with customers. In MCB training should be provided with job rotation so as to make the employees talented enough to do others work in case of emergency.MCB should introduce the new, better and transparent reward system because it is very important requirement in order to reduce the problems regarding employee retention and employee motivation.MCB should announce the proper time for base Break, so that the employees do their work more efficiently.The staff should be given some sort of decision making authority that enables the employe es involvement and boosts employees trust and confidence.MCB should also introduce new and innovative products so as to compete with its competitors.ATM machine must be maintained accurately to make it more convenient for the customers and to decrease the work load of the employees especially in the salary days.MCB should solve the problems regarding the link down and disconnection of SYMBOL software in order to provides more convenience to customers. The employees of MCB need more computer training.CONCLUSIONSMCB is using the SYMBOL software which is very efficient. The computerized branches have enhanced the carrying out of the bank. The bank provides a favorable environment for career growth. The bank gives too low rate of interest on deposits because of which customers are shifting to other banks. Recently MCB bank has implemented the centralized system which decreases the efficiency because of hold in work and low employee involvement. The procedure for the accounts opening i s too protracted as now forms are sent to Karachi Head office for approval. The large branch network, ATM installation and change products provide the bank a competitive advantage. The main focus of the bank is their customers and they are providing the customers different diversified products with minimum service charges.Finally I concluded that MCB is the very good organization for the long carrier working. The branch officers are very efficient, skillful, loyal and competent. The officers of my branch are very hard working usually they work more than their working hours which show their loyalty and commitment towards MCB. I found myself very lucky to work with one of the prestigious bank and to get the practical knowledge about MCB and its present scenario. It was a very dispute and informative experience. I came to know about the working of the banking sector and whatever I have learned was very enlightening. I come to know many things like opening of an account, closing of a n account, how to active the dormant account, about the clearance and remittance procedure etc. I came to know the positive working of bank and whatever I studied in the university was a great help and I was able to apply my theoretical knowledge by implementing it during the internship.

Analysis of Theory Z of Management

Analysis of hypothesis Z of ManagementTHEORY ZDefinitionIt is a concern surmisal developed by William Ouchi, describing the Nipponese system of attention characterized by the dallyers dense involvement in circumspection, extravagantlyer productivity than the U.S. Management model, and a highly developed system of arrangemental and sociological rewards. Ouchi contends that this forethought system tail be used anywhere with equal success. supposition Z is an move up to centering based upon a combination of Ameri hindquarters and Japanese concern philosophies and characterized by, among other things, long-term job security, consensual decision making, slow evaluation and promotion procedures, and individualist responsibility within a group context. Proponents of scheme Z suggest that it leads to improvements in organizational surgical process. The following pieces highlight the cultivation of speculation Z, hypothesis Z as an come along to management including ea ch of the characteristics noned above, and an evaluation of Theory Z. Realizing the historical context in which Theory Z emerged is helpful in understanding its underlying principles. The following section provides this context.DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY ZKnowing the historical context in which Theory Z emerged is helpful in understanding its underlying principles. Theory Z has been called a sociological description of the humanistic organizations advocated by management pioneers such as Elton Mayo, Chris Argyris, Rensis Likert, and Douglas McGregor. In fact, the descriptive phrase, Theory Z. can be traced to the work of Douglas McGregor in the 1950s and 1960s. McGregor, a psychologist and college president, identified a veto forwardness of assumptions to the highest degree human nature, which he called Theory X, succession those he categorised in Theory Y were more than positive about human nature as it relates to employees. In McGregors view, managers who adopted Theory Y beliefs would exhibit different, more humanistic, and ultimately more effective management styles. McGregors work was read widely, and Theory Y became a well-known prescription for improve management practices.But in the 1970s and 1980s, many United States industries confounded market shargon to international competitors, particularly Japanese companies. Concerns about the fight of U. S. companies led some to examine Japanese management practices for clues to the success enjoyed by many of their industries. This led to many articles and books purporting to explain the success of Japanese companies. It was in this atmosphere that Theory Z was introduced into the management lexicon. This scheme was presented by William Ouchi in his 1981 book, Theory Z How American Management can meet Japanese Challenge. Ouchi is Professor of Management at UCLA, Los Angeles, and a board member of some(prenominal) large US organisations.Theory Z was first identified as a unique management approach by Will iam Ouchi. Ouchi melodic lineed American types of organizations ( face A) that were root in the United States tradition of individualism with Japanese organizations ( fictitious character J) that drew upon the Japanese heritage of collectivism. He argued that an emerging management philosophy, which came to be called Theory Z, would admit on organizations to enjoy many of the advantages of both systems. Professor Ouchi advocated a modified American approach to management that would capitalize on the best characteristics of Japanese organizations while retaining aspects of management that argon deeply rooted in U.S. traditions of individualism. Ouchi cited several companies as examples of sign Z organizations and proposed that a Theory Z management approach could lead to abundanter employee job satisfaction, lower rates of absenteeism and turnover, higher flavor products, and better overall financial operation for U.S. firms adapting Theory Z management practices.THEORY Z AS A N APPROACH TO MANAGEMENTTheory Z represents a humanistic approach to management. Although it is based on Japanese management principles, it is not a pure form of Japanese management. Instead, Theory Z is a hybrid management approach combining Japanese management philosophies with U.S. husbandry. In addition, Theory Z breaks away from McGregors Theory Y. Theory Y is a largely psychological perspective focusing on individual dyads of employer-employee relationships while Theory Z changes the level of analysis to the entire organization. gibe to Professor Ouchi, Theory Z organizations exhibit a strong, homogeneous set of cultural values that are similar to grade cultures. The clan culture is characterized by homogeneity of values, beliefs, and objectives. Clan cultures emphasize complete socialization of members to get hold of congruence of individual and group goals. Although Theory Z organizations exhibit characteristics of clan cultures, they retain some elements of bureaucratic hierarchies, such as formal position relationships, performance evaluation, and some work specialization. Proponents of Theory Z suggest that the universal cultural values should promote greater organizational commitment among employees. evaluation OF THEORY ZResearch into whether Theory Z organizations outperform others has yielded manifold results. Some studies suggest that Type Z organizations achieve benefits both in call of employee satisfaction, motivation, and commitment as well as in terms of financial performance. Other studies conclude that Type Z organizations do not outperform other organizations.Difficulties in the Japanese economy in the mid-nineties led some researchers to suggest that the widespread admiration of Japanese management practices in the 1970s and 1980s might have been misplaced. As a result, Theory Z has also received considerable criticism. It is unclear whether Theory Z will have a lasting impact on management practices in the U. S. and around the world into the twenty-first century, alone by positioning target research at the organizational level kinda then the individual level, Ouchi will surely leave his mark on management practice for years to come.Management ConceptsMotivation Believes that people are innately self motivated to not only do their work, precisely also are loyal towards the company, and want to make the company succeed. leading Theory Z managers would have to have a great grip of trust that their workers could make sound decisions. Therefore, this type of leader is more in all likelihood to act as coach, and let the workers make virtually of the decisions.Power and confidence The managers ability to exercise power and authority comes from the workers trusting management to take care of them, and allow them to do their jobs. The workers have a great spread over of input and weight in the decision making process. competitiveness Conflict in the Theory Z arena would involve a great deal of discussion, collaboration, and negotiation. The workers would be the ones solving the conflicts, while the managers would play more of a third party arbitrator role.Performance Appraisals Theory Z emphasises more frequent performance appraisals, but slower promotions.THE PRIMARY FEATURES OF THEORY Z1. Long-Term EmploymentTraditional U.S. organizations are plagued with short commitments by employees, but employers using more traditional management perspective may unwittingly encourage this by treating employees simply as replaceable cogs in the profit-making machinery. In the United States, occupation at will, which essentially means the employer or the employee can terminate the employment relationship at any time, has been among the dominant forms of employment relationships. Conversely, Type J organizations generally make life-long commitments to their employees and expect loyalty in return, but Type J organizations set the conditions to encourage this. This promotes stability in the organ ization and job security among employees.2. Consensual Decision MakingThe Type Z organization emphasizes communication, collaboration, and consensus in decision making. This marks a contrast from the traditional Type A organization that emphasizes individual decision-making.3. separate tariffType A organizations emphasize individual accountability and performance appraisal. Traditionally, performance measures in Type J companies have been oriented to the group. Thus, Type Z organizations retain the emphasis on individual contributions that are characteristic of most American firms by recognizing individual achievements, albeit within the context of the wider group.4. Slow paygrade And PromotionThe Type A organization has generally been characterized by short-term evaluations of performance and rapid promotion of high achievers. The Type J organization, conversely, adopts the Japanese model of slow evaluation and promotion.5. cozy Control With Formalized MeasuresThe Type Z organiz ation relies on informal methods of control, but does measure performance through formal mechanisms. This is an attempt to combine elements of both the Type A and Type J organizations.6. Moderately Specialized Career PathType A organizations have generally had quite narrow occupational group paths, with employees avoiding jumps from operable area to another. Conversely, the Type J organization has generally had quite non-specialized career paths. The Type Z organization adopts a middle-of-the-road posture, with career paths that are less specialized than the traditional U.S. model but more specialized than the traditional Japanese model.7. holistic ConcernThe Type Z organization is characterized by concern for employees that goes beyond the workplace. This philosophy is more consistent with the Japanese model than the U.S. model.OverviewTheory Z is basically the combination of best aspects of Japanese and American theories. The three theories bring forth three types of firms, whic h is Type J Firms, Type A firms and Type Z firms. To clearly understand the features of guess z an understanding of the theory J and Theory A is necessary.Features of theory JLifetime Employment corporate decision making corporate responsibilitySlow promotionImplied control mechanismsNon specialised career PathsHolistic concern of employees.Features of Theory AShort term employmentIndividual decision makingIndividual ResponsibilityRapid promotion manifest Control mechanismSpecialized career pathsSegmented concern for employeesTheory Z picks the best feature from each and either incorporates it as it is, or slightly modifies the feature. The end result is the Theory Z which is referred to as best choice for American firms.Features of Theory ZLong-term employmentCollective decision makingIndividual responsibilitySlow promotionInformal ControlModerately specialized career pathsHolistic concern for employees refinementAccording to Ouchi, Theory Z management tends to promote stable emp loyment, high productivity, and high employee morale and satisfaction. Theory Z is focused on change magnitude employee loyalty to the company by providing a job for life with a strong focus on the well-being of the employee, both on and morose the job.

Child Safeguarding At A Pre School Social Work Essay

Child Safeguarding At A Pre teach Social Work EssayThis assignment gives a general brainwave to my job role and responsibilities including achievements and targets that I set out gained in my post so far regarding child safeguarding and continues operative towards inside the pre-school that I am presently employed by and represent.Showing aw arness and understanding of drubing together with other remote organisations, services and sources that can connect daily to the children and pre-school environment. read my knowledge and the importance of safeguarding following government definitions and guidelines that tout ensemble professionals working with children, childly people and families adhere to so that child safety is the priority achieved.As a pre-school worker my role is to nurture, teach and cargon for children aged 3-5 historic period in a pre-school setting either individu eachy or in a group. My job description is to ensure children are safe and hale cared for so they smash and are stimulated by age-appropriate activities in a safe suitable environment. Although childcare workers are not teachers we may set ahead and teach basic skills to children such(prenominal)(prenominal) as social and interaction skills such as taking turns and sharing toys and hygiene procedures like flushing the toilet and therefore washing hands.In the pre-school we are organised to work on the building block as a team with each team member having a designated role for standard one named person for first aid, or wellness and safety, or child safeguarding. Although all staff are required to have Criminal Record Bureau checks, qualifications and regular updated training in all of these areas of child care to produce good quality daily inner practice in the pre-school setting.Pre-school introduces children into learning for preparation starting school, mevery outside agencies integrates with/along side pre-school environments such as army welfare services, hea lth services, local police officers, local primary schools, ofsted, speech therapists this is just a few.To achieve the best out of my role as pre-school worker it is strategic that I am managed well and quality substituteed individually and within my team, and resources are available to attend regular training and courses. Enabling me to commemorate up to date with policies, procedures and qualifications relevant and required to work with children. Training such as safeguarding children gains and reinforces the necessary skills and knowledge to commit, respond to signs and symptoms of children experiencing abuse at the aforementioned(prenominal) time creation alert and reacting correctly and efficiently to all achievable concerns and dangers.1In a talk by T G during a safeguarding children training course it was stated that the government provides definitions to guide all professionals working with children young people and their families to identify when there are profici ent causal agents for concerns about children these areDifferent Brief Definition One typeface ofAbuse Categories IndicatorPhysical causing harm also includes undetermined orFabricating symptoms of or inconsistentDeliberately induces illness in a child explanation ofInjuries orBurnsEmotional constant worked up maltreatment low self-esteemOf child such as to cause severe andPersistent adverse effects on emotional in gradationNeglect persistent failure to meet a childs basic lose of care Needs physically and/or psychologically inadequateClothing,Heating, get offOr foodSexual forcing, enticing, involving a child to unusual enroll in sexual activities including difficultyViewing imagery also paying in walkingInappropriate sexual behaviour from a or sittingChildWiltshire Local Safeguarding Children BoardUpdated May 2008 TGThe government guidelines, working together to safeguard children (1999),Divide child abuse into four seemly categories sexual, physical, and emotionalAnd negle ctful- but in reality many of this overlap. With any form of abuseThere will be emotional abuse too, although this may occur on its own.As cited The Guardian 7 October 20082 manduction information is for the purpose of safeguarding andPromoting the welfare of children, sharing information amongstPractitioners working with children and families are essential. InMany cases it is only when information from a range of sourcesIs govern together that a child can be seen to be in need or at perilOf harm. A failure to pathway on information that might pr counterbalancet aTragedy could name you to criticism.As cited The Guardian 13 November 2008Effective practice uses awareness and to the full understands the importance of sharing concerns and information. We cannot afford to ignore signs at a risk of appearing foolish or alarmist, daily my role can identify families with needs that effect a childs well being, armed forces children are the mass at the pre-school, the issues that arise from parent/carer who can be isolated from family and friends by military postings, soldier partners are often absent due to sprightly duties or training. So a parent/carer could be experiencing difficulties such as financial worries, lack of support, worried about the well being of spouse on active duty for instance in Afghanistan, these issues interconnects amongst the whole family unit. So having the knowledge you are better equipped to listen hard and maintain carefully the behaviours between child and parent/carer and alert to recognise signs and symptoms an example could range from inadequate parenting to inappropriate clothing for season of the year, could show problems and a need for help, there are services that can offer support and assist the parents ability to care better for children before a mooring gets out of hand but a lot of parent/carers feel ashamed, embarrassed, inhibited or simply just dont know how to access this help. rather of intervening early and effec tively, struggling local authoritiesWait until children are in crisis, past act reluctantly, half-heartedlyAnd ineffectively, its not their fault. The funding systems are designedIn such away.As cited The Guardian 4 kinfolk 2009In a talk on safeguarding children 6 November 2009 it was explained and statedIf any support agencies were contacted directly by the family or referred byTheir family GP at the request of the family for support, the agenciesAssess the needs of the child by means of a Common AssessmentFramework (CAF) and this ensures that everyone involved such asPre-school worker, health visitor, police officer, social workers useThis framework to work together and support the child and that childReceives the right support at an early show before their needs increases.3Daily I can work closely with individual children, so there is opportunity and time to develop a relationship of expect giving a child an rise to talk, some children may not tell you, you might guess even been led by them to read between the lines. This is where knowledge and procedures are of primal importance, so that you listen to the child and avoid any leading questions, being careful not to offend, intimidate the child or the situation as this could be the first and last attempt for a child needing to trust someone to disclose what may be happening to them in the hope of help, I would whenceReassure the child the best I could and then explain as simply as I can so the child understands that the things said would need to be passed on to pre-schools supervisor as they will know best what to do. If a disclosure was made, I would then need to follow the pre-school settings policies and procedures we have in place

A stereotype is defined by the Oxford Dictionary

A stomp is defined by the Oxford lexiconE genuinely individualist holds stereotypes. A stereotype is defined by the Oxford mental lexicon of Psychology (pg. 730) as a relatively fixed and oversimplified generalisation intimately a group or class of mess, usu all toldy focusing on proscribe or unfavourable characteristics. When flock put too oftentimes faith in stereotypical descriptions of sight they backside become prejudice and can often discriminate against separate groups. This can be rattling harmful and has conduct to countless atrocities, such as the racial katharsis of the Jews by the Nazis. Prejudices still are being fought through laws, such as Equal Opportunities legislation.However, the subject being discussed is non whether stereotypes are harmful or scarceifiable it is whether they bemuse a practical purpose, or are bollixful. It is loosely the common consensus that stereotyping and prejudice should not continue. However without stereotypes we may g o the brotherly ball a lot harder to perceive and understand. We rely on stereotypes to facilitate us function in society. With such a diverse population, the surround we live in could be very confusing. Unfortunately stereotypes may plosive consonant out a lot of what makes our society so diverse and just group people into simple categories. They may excessively affect peoples choices in life. Career highways people may want to take could revealm conflicting for some one in their group and so are avoided.From an evolutionary standpoint, stereotypes mustiness wee-wee a use because they exist. batch start creating stereotypes from a very young age and they are hard to cut short. However, having a purpose doesnt arise the fact that stereotypes are wasteful.The main beneficial use of stereotypes is that they greatly whet up cognitive processing. The world is full of people, they all look unmatched and the all behave oppositely. If each psyche chose to actively perceive and pass judgment every individual they encountered, there wouldnt be much time for anything else. This is why stereotypes exist. People can glance around a room, see a spectrum of faces and not have to stop to think about each person. This frees up the brain for more important tasks.Macrae, Milne, Bodenhausen (1994) as cited by Taylor, Peplau, Sears (pg. 184). conducted an experiment to see if the priming of stereotypes can leave the brain freer to process other data. Students were presented with a list of trait words for an individual and, at the same time, information about Indonesia. Half of these students were source given a group go after for the individual, e.g. Black or Italian. Those given the group evaluate remembered more traits that were label consistent and more information about Indonesia. This demonstrates that stereotypes make the social world a lot easier to process and are distinctly very useful.However, this simplism of the world we see can lead us to pr ejudice against other groups, and can lead to discrimination. People often look only at the ban characteristics of a group. In doing this we may waste the important contributions that these different groups perspectives can offer.Taylor, Fiske, Eticoff, Ruderman (1978) as cited by Taylor et al. (pg. 185) asked participants to observe a conversation mingled with people of a mix of races. When asked to remember which individual made sealed contributions the participants would often only be able to remember the race of the individual. This shows that people often place far too much emphasis on group membership and can ignore the attributes of the individual. This can lead people to ignore information that comes from a source that they may deem inferior.The insurgent beneficial use of stereotypes is their ability to step-up individuals ego valuate. Everyone has the desire to increase their self enjoy and a lack of self evaluate can lead to depression and social isolation. Ste reotypes can improve an individuals self esteem through a number of ways.Tajfel (1982) as cited by Taylor et al. (pg. 188) proposed the Social indistinguishability Theory. This is the process by which people categorise the social world into in-groups, in which the individual is a member, and out-groups, into which everyone else is categorised. People can derive their self esteem from their inclusion in the in-group if they perceive their group to be banner to other groups. This is theory is enhanced by Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, Flament, (1971) as cited by Taylor et al. (pg. 186) and their theory of In-group Favouritism. People will automatically positively discriminate towards their in-group, which promotes the view of a superior in-group. Also Ethnocentrism can play a part in promoting self esteem, through the assumption that the in-group is the centre of the social world and is superior to all out-groups.While more people may argue that deriving self esteem from the view of super iority is immoral, that is not the topic being discussed. richly self esteem is an advantage to all people, and so any method for raising self esteem can be seen as useful. and this method for promoting self esteem does come with disadvantages.The Social Identity theory can have quite negative effects on peoples lives. If an individual holds a negative image of the in-group or the in-group is associated with a negative stereotype then this can be harmful to the individuals self esteem. Asgari, Dasgupta Gilbert Cote (2010) undertook a longitudinal study into how exposure to successful in-group members affected female students. They appoint that not only did the students have to have frequent contact with the component part model, but they also had to have evaluated the contact to be meaningful. This however not only improved their self concept of their in-group it also raised their vocation aspirations and their engagement in their studies. This in turn led to improved pedant ic success. This study shows that victims of stereotyping can often believe those stereotypes so much that it takes repeated, hefty interaction with stereotype inconsistent individuals to feel that they too can break out of the stereotype they find themselves in.People that are exposed to negative stereotypes are also subject to stereotype threat. Stereotype threat was first proposed by Aronson and Steele (1995) and it occurs when members of a group find themselves subject to a negative stereotype. It results in the individual being awake(predicate) that they are being stereotypically evaluated and so their performance, in areas associated with the stereotype, suffer. However, stereotype threat has been shown to spill over into many areas of universal living. Being in a stigmatized group can contribute to a number of societal problems, such as aggression, obesity, decision making and impulsion control (Inzlicht Kang. 2010).This serves to maintain the negative stereotype. Howeve r the study by Inzlicht and Kang was a correlation study, and so cause and effect could not be inferred.This is one example of how stereotypes can be self fulfilling prophecies. However they can also act in a positive direction. If a person is aware of a positive stereotype about them then they can have an improved performance. Shih, Pittinsky Ambady (1999) as cited by Taylor et al. (pg. 172) showed that Asian women performed better at a maths test when the Asian stereotype was cued. However they performed worse when the women stereotype was cued. These studies show how stereotypes can have a dramatic effect on our behaviour without any conscious action.Stereotyping can also have affects on career choices. Women exposed to primes of gender inconsistent roles (e.g. a female surgeon) showed put down enthusiasm for these roles because of upward social comparison threat (Rudman Phelan. 2010). They felt threaten by being outperformed by someone in their in-group. If women didnt belie ve that it was idealistic for women to be able to become a surgeon, they may not have felt this comparison threat. Also students are often choosing to not go into a career in sales because of their stereotypes about salesmen. (Lee, Sandfield Bhaliwal. 2007). Students think of salesmen as pushy and unsatisfied, hence they assume that if they were to go into sales then they would waste the time they spent on their degree. This cuts off a career path that may have been right for some students, but they choose not to take it because of the stereotypes they hold.So fleck stereotypes do have some definite uses, they also create waste. Stereotypes speed up cognitive processing, which is necessary for people to function in the diverse social environment in which we find ourselves. This is at the cost of the individual we lose focus of each person and just push people into categories. Stereotypes can increase the self esteem of some. However not all can gain the benefit of this advance i n social identity. Stereotype threat can have a very negative effect of peoples lives. Stereotypes can waste the potential of many people that have denied themselves, or have been denied through prejudice. Stereotypes have led to the needless waste of life in wars and through civil struggles for equality. Therefore, while stereotypes serve a purpose, they waste potential, information and happiness.

Essay --

IntroductionMy approach of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of using Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act to ascertain how the Act receipt to capital market of regulating SEC bodied and external audited account firms for preventing and deterring fraud. Examining SOX, we identify any deficiencies and betterment for its effective implementation with reference to donnish research. With literature review on ethic, education, and culture for further fraud preventative measurement. Purpose to enact the Sarbanes-Oxley ActThe Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act of 2002 was enacted as a chemical reaction to a number of major corporate and accounting shites including Enron, Tyco, Peregrine Systems, and WorldCom. These scandals, which price investors billions of dollars when the share prices of affected companies collapsed, shook public confidence in the US securities markets. It is the most far-reaching and significant new federal regulatory statute modify accountants and corporate governance sin ce the Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934. SOX act impact on accountant liabilities, oddly the new regulatory agency and also accounting independence. The focus of SOX 302 is on disclosure of controls and procedures, while SOX 404 focuses on internal control over monetary coverage. Under SOX Section 906, criminal penalties can be imposed on managers who knowingly certify a period report that does not nurse with the requirements. It is clearly comprehend the regulatory SEC corporate in their yearbook financial report one on the financial statements, one on watchfulnesss assessment of internal control effectiveness, and a trine on the effectiveness of internal control over financing reporting. intensity level of SOX Act of 2002Prior of the SOX Act, liability wou... ...It not only requires management to fork out an assessment of internal controls, but also requires auditors to provide an opinion on management assessment. It is therefore inflated the auditors fee and account con servatism, and increased management focus over financial reporting and internal control distracting managerial strategic actions.It is important for both management and auditors familiar with the process of implementing, evaluating, and reporting on internal control. It is also important to understand the impact of corporate governance isomorphic mechanisms such as audit committees and direct head of increased pressures from governmental and professional bodies to adopt certain professional recruit of ethic and organizational support as a moderator for deterring financial scandal arising from internal control weakness and misstatement of financial reporting.

The Silk Road Essays -- Chinese History

Long before there were trains, ships and airplanes to transport goods from sensation place to another, there was the Silk Road. Beginning in the sixth century, this course was organise and thus began the first major trade system. Although the term Silk Road would ace one that it was on street, this term actually refers to a number of incompatible routes that covered a vast amount of land and were hold outed by many different people. on with silk, large varieties of goods were traded and travelled along this route both going to and from China. Material goods were not the only thing that passed along this path, but many religions were brought into China via the Silk Road. These topics will be discussed in particular in this paper. From Babylon in the west to Changan in the east and from Jada Gate in the north to Patna in the south, the Silk Road stretched over a wide situation of the Asian and Middle Eastern countries. There was not one road or one direct route between the many stop between these destinations. The caravans that traveled the Silk Road mainly skirted the Taklimakan desert, also called the Land of the unawares by the people in that area. Nomadic tribes traveled from oasis to oasis, practically with little or no protection from bandits. These bandits were accustomed to engaging in raids on the merchants that used this route to trade with other countries, attacking and theft from the merchants and later selling what they acquired in this nefarious manner. It is important to note that charm the deserts were a challenge to navigate, the highest mountain ranges also made travel difficult. Many of the people who used this trade route never traveled far, but instead traded goods many times between merchants. It is because of these ... ...hina as well. Along the Silk Road, Buddhism, Christianity, and Manichaeism also migrated towards the east. The Silk Road supported trade of goods and services and the spread of ideas and relig ions, reference the shrinking of the world to the relatively small place it has become in our time.Works CitedWild, Oliver. Department of Earth System Science University of California Irvine, The Silk Road. destruction modified 1992. Accessed March 31, 2012. http//ess.uci.edu/oliver/silk.html.Lendering, Jona. LIVIUS Articles on Ancient History, Silk road. Last modified 03/30/2012. Accessed March 31, 2012. http//livius.org/sh-si/silk_road/silk_road.html.Major, John. Asia Society, Silk Road Spreading Ideas and Inovations. Last modified 2012. Accessed March 31, 2012. http//asiasociety.org/countries/trade-exchange/silk-road-spreading-ideas-and-innovations.

The Tempest Essay -- essays research papers

Gonzalo states "We be people of our own minds and no matchless elses," by this Gonzalo is telling everyone that no one can control what someone sees or does. This is true unless one is using john to alter the minds and substantiveity of anyone on a lower floor the influence of magic. In the Tempest, by William Shakespe be, Prospero uses magic to alter the naturalism and lead on the minds of characters. Love or guilt is a form of magic that by nature occurs in ones life. Prospero creates a nonher magic that is placed in the audiences mind when he asks them to become the master magicians. Alonso and Gonzalos minds atomic number 18 deluded by Prosperos spells to carry them unaware of what is occurrence around them or aware of something out of the ordinary, and Caliban is affected by Prosperos spells physically. Gonzalo sees the things possibility around him through a new prespective because of the spell that makes him see everything in a good light. Because of this spell Gonzalo states that their clothes are better than new, and that they are non stained with salt water. Gonzalo also brings up that the island is in beautiful shape and is adequate for living on. Antonio and Sebastian tell Gonzalo he is lying close the clothes and the island being in such fantastic shape. They tell him this because they are not affected by the spell that Gonzalo is under. Spells dont always affect a person directly, but it still makes a person see their reality in a different perspective. Alonso is fooled by Prosperos magic too, but it is not directly aimed towards Alonso. Because of the magic that put Ferdinand in a glen where no one could see him Alonso thinks that Ferdinand drowned at sea. Alonso thinks that Ferdinand is dead because no one saw Ferdinand make it to land safe. This is because Prospero used magic directly on Ferdinand, but not directly on Alonso. Alonso is in a bad mood because of this mediate magic for an entire act because Alonsos crew co uldnt find Ferdinand. Meanwhile Ferdinand is pursual strange music that is leading him away from the others. Prospero has Ferdinand walk away from the others so he meets Miranda, and also so Alonsos crew cant find Ferdinand. This shows some of the powers of confirmatory magic, but direct magic can be more impressive when trying to accomplish something very quickly such as punishment or trying to teach somebody a lesson. Prospero casts spells on... ...ero tells the audience that they are making him real in their minds now and are becoming give out of the play. Now the audience has total control to send Prospero back to Naples or keep him on the island. Prospero tells the audience all of this to make them see the ball through his eyes. Without telling the audience these final words they would have neer thought about making Prospero real in their minds. When they make Prospero real in their minds, they can live the life of Prospero on the island or in Naples. It is up to the aud ience where he is to go and what life he lives, this is the magic of the play.     Magic can alter the reality and perspective how one looks at life. In the Tempest, Prospero has the ability to cast spells that alter ones perspective of reality. One may say that reality is intangible, but one can grasp the notion of what is stands for. Magic can throw that concept away. If one sees magic in progress it will alter the true vision of reality. Whenever magic verses reality a group can not describe what the feel or see. The concept of magic and reality is different to everyone. Reality or magic, theyre both(prenominal) what one makes them to be.

Red Rock West :: essays research papers

release shake West is a hood pillow slip of a new-age read noir. It has all the elements that are needed to make a film noir such as light and dark contrast, symbolic environment, the femme fatal, corruption, treachery, and deception. The film is unlike classic noir because of its use of color, irony, and humor in the movie.In the opening scene we admit a sense of what Michael is like. He is driving a boat of a car across the barren desert, like he is scavenging for something. Strapped for money he stops at a somewhat abandoned gas localize where he finds a bundle of twenty dollar bills out in plain view. We get the sense that he tries to be honest because he doesnt take the money and he buys gas with the last tail fin dollars that were in his wallet, just enough to get him to Red Rock and non any further. He then gets turned down from his job because he told the truth about his leg being injured. When he goes into the Red Rock Bar we can see the change in his life coming. He walks in from the bright daylight into the darkness of the dimly lit bar. This fervor hints to the audience that from that point on Michael is fated for disaster. From there on the trading floors most important scenes take place at night. For example when Michael hits the person in the middle of the road at night when it is gushing rain. He still shows some what of a conscience to bring him backbone to the hospital. There is some comic relief because every time he countenances and enters the town they show a sign of either entering or leaving Red Rock. No matter how hard that he tries to leave the town he just cant do it, something ever so comes up. The most symbolic settings would have to be at the end when they are in the graveyard digging up the money that Wayne had buried. It was dark with taint coating the ground and they are driving up in a completely black car. The audience can see that this will be the climax of the movie because all of these elements are coming t ogether.Suzannes vulcanized fiber is the one with the most twists and turns in her personality. We learn that she is very flawed from the pray when she is seen committing adultery with another man.

The Ape-Like Mr. Hyde in Robert Louis Stevenson Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

The Ape-Like Mr. Hyde in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Throughout The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. atomic number 1 Jekyll underwent periods of transformation, transcendence and transgression. During these periods where Dr. Jekyll was Mr. Hyde, Hyde had an impact on several of the characters lives inhabiting Stevensons tale. In imagining Hyde, readers ar infatuated by a great sense of who Hyde is with surprisingly little in the way of physical description. We are reminded of the dwarf-like stature and the impression of deformity Hyde leaves upon his onlookers. We are given few other clues, but one trait of Hydes is around a certainty-- Hyde possesses simian characteristics. After Utterson hears Enfeilds story of Mr. Hyde running over a child like a Juggernaut, Utterson decides to stalk Mr. Hyde (Stevenson 3). After running into Mr. Hyde, Utterson is stricken that the man seems hardly human/Something troglodytic (Stevenson 10). According to the Ameri cease Heritage D ictionary, troglodytic can be interpreted as a member of a pleasing or prehistoric race of people ...

Language :: Communication, Māori Language

The three key ideas that I have explored during my on-line and discussions are firstly the importance of maintaining of Te reo Mori in in the raw Zealand. Secondly, the role of teachers in maintaining Te Reo Mori in centres and fin each(prenominal)y I realised the need to acquire second vocabulary.Fishman (1996) point out that to flake out a actors line means to lose a culture. Base on this point, I strongly agree that regeneration and maintenance of Mori language is the most imperative action that we should take. Te Kohanga Reo was developed in result to Mori concern ensuring the continuing survival of the Maori language. The DVD expressed that all kohangas reflects kaupapa of Mori regeneration (Te Rere a Te Amokura, 2003). One particular kohanga reo is Te Kohanga Reo o Te Amokura, which provides the opportunities of regeneration and maintenance of the Mori language to tamariki finished daily routinesHence teachers have a hugely role in incorporating Te Reo into our centres as much as possible. Teachers can support Mori language through prayer, greeting, storytelling and singing, exercises (Te Rere a Te Amokura, 2003). In order for it to be effective though, I think it needs to be carried on right(prenominal) of the centres, like it mentioned in the DVD (Te Rere a Te Amokura, 2003). The childrens whnau needs to be on board and understand the importance of it to really make an impact. Moreover, Aneta in the lecture mentioned that revitalising language involves regenerating bonds between families and communities. Te Whriki (1996) states children should screw an environment where connecting links with the family and the wider world are affirmed and extended (p. 54). furthermore I realize the need for children acquire a second language .New Zealand is a multicultural country. To put this into perspective we can also give ear at the proportion of people talking in some other second languages in New Zealand. May (2005) points out that the 2001 Census in dicates that in that location are now over 100,000 speakers of Pasifika language. The vast majority of who are Samoan speakers (81,033). This means that Samoan is officially the third largest language group in New Zealand behind English (3,425,301) and Mori (160,527) (p. 369). These ideas have shifted my thinking. As Mori is the indigenous language of this country only. This is quite different to me as Indian because Fiji is a country where we could keep its language and culture, so if the new generations of Indian forgo their culture in New Zealand that does not mean Indian have lost their culture in the world.

Harriet Tubman Essay -- essays research papers

Harriet Tubman was an important African American who ran outside(a) from slavery and guided runaway slaves to the north for geezerhood. During the cultivated War she served as a sc knocked out(p), spy, and nurse for the United States Army. After that, she worked for the rights of blacks and women.Harriet Tubman was unfeignedly named Araminta Ross, still she later adopted her mothers first name. She was ace of eleven children of Harriet Greene and Benjamin Ross. She was five when she worked on a plantation in Dorchester County, Maryland. She was first a maid, and a childrens nurse before she started operative as a field hand when she was twelve. While she was thirteen, her master add together her head with a heavy weight. The hit put permanent neurological damage (she couldnt learn as well as before), and she passed out without warning throughout the rest of her life.In 1844 she got permission from her owner to sweep up a free black man, John Tubman. For the next five years Harriet Tubman lived in a state with only a little slavery. She remained a slave, but her master allowed her to live with her preserve. But the death of her master leash years after she was married made Tubmans status uncertain. in that location were rumors going around the slave houses that the slaves would be sold to settle the estate. Tubman ran away to the north and became a free person. In 1849 he moved to Pennsylvania, but came back to Maryland after about two years hoping that her husband would...

The Mind of a Computer :: Computers Technology Essays

The Mind of a ready reckoner A new snub has catch down about since the building of computing devices. But the idea behind it is not such a new recognize, for as long ago as Plato and Aristotle, the idea of a mind was pondered about. With the up-and-coming technology, the idea of artificial news program has exploded. It is one that many fiction writers have prospered on. But how far forward atomic number 18 they from the truth? Take the story of The Bicentennial Man by Isaac Asimov, written in 1976, when most of the population didnt know what a information processing system was capable of. The idea of the unknown sc ard us, a zombie that appeared to be just like us, but it was also intriguing, as present by the storys success. What was it that attracted the population to this story? The reasonable resolving power lies within the question this paper will attempt to solvent. That is, Can a computer have a mind? The purpose to this question is an manifest one, but we will examine it anyway, as it needs to be intercommunicate because of all of the popular science-fiction writings. A computer can have a mind, and as you read further into this, you will see that computers are make of the same things we are, they transfer information using the same techniques we do, they are colonial enough, and they are aware. This is enough to give them the possibility to posses a mind. Starting with the counterbalance part of the definition of mind, one might conceive of a computer that can posses a mind. The Biologist might make an argument against me, stating that tho living things can have mind, that it is still those things that are biological, consisting of essential compounds, that whitethorn have the potential to posses mind. But I say to the Biologist, what is it that makes up these constitutional compounds? What is it about these molecules that make them construct themselves into a biological being? The serve well is a simple one to any Chemist, for he knows that organic molecules are make up of elements and these elements are indeed atoms. The Physicist will most in spades agree that these atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. These protons, neutrons, and electrons are what make up every atom in the universe the same three particles come together and form all the materials known to man.The Mind of a Computer Computers Technology EssaysThe Mind of a Computer A new issue has come about since the building of computers. But the idea behind it is not such a new issue, for as long ago as Plato and Aristotle, the idea of a mind was pondered about. With the up-and-coming technology, the idea of artificial newsworthiness has exploded. It is one that many fiction writers have prospered on. But how far remote are they from the truth? Take the story of The Bicentennial Man by Isaac Asimov, written in 1976, when most of the population didnt know what a computer was capable of. The idea of the unknown scared us, a gole m that appeared to be just like us, but it was also intriguing, as exhibit by the storys success. What was it that attracted the population to this story? The reasonable answer lies within the question this paper will attempt to answer. That is, Can a computer have a mind? The answer to this question is an obvious one, but we will examine it anyway, as it needs to be turn to because of all of the popular science-fiction writings. A computer can have a mind, and as you read further into this, you will see that computers are made of the same things we are, they transfer information using the same techniques we do, they are interwoven enough, and they are aware. This is enough to give them the possibility to posses a mind. Starting with the initiative part of the definition of mind, one might conceive of a computer that can posses a mind. The Biologist might make an argument against me, stating that only living things can have mind, that it is only those things that are biological, consisting of organic compounds, that may have the potential to posses mind. But I say to the Biologist, what is it that makes up these organic compounds? What is it about these molecules that make them construct themselves into a biological being? The answer is a simple one to any Chemist, for he knows that organic molecules are made up of elements and these elements are indeed atoms. The Physicist will most by all odds agree that these atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. These protons, neutrons, and electrons are what make up every atom in the universe the same three particles come together and form all the materials known to man.

Canada Essay -- Geography Canada Expository Essays

CanadaCanada, is the worlds second base largest country and it is the largest country inthe Western Hemisphere. It comprises all of the North American continent northeasterlyof the United States, with the exclusion of Alaska, Greenland, and the tinyFrench islands of St. capital of South Dakota and Miquelon. Its most easterly point is CapeSpear, Newfoundland and its western limit is assume St. Elias in the YukonTerritory, near the Alaskan border. The greymost point is Middle Island, inLake Erie and the northern tip is Cape Columbia, on Ellesmere Island.Canada is bounded on the north by the synthetic rubber sea, on the west by the pacificOcean, and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and its associated bodies of water,including Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea.Canada has an abundance of mineral, forest, and water-power resources. The minelaying industry has been a major force in Canadas economic study in thepast and is still the main force in the cast aside and economic activity an dpermanent settlement into the northlands. The principal minerals are petroleum,nickel, copper, zinc, press ore, natural gas, asbestos, molybdenum, sulfur, gold,and platinum in addition extensive beds of coal, potash, uranium, gypsum,silver, and magnesium are found.Fresh water covers an estimated 756 276 sq km or 7.6% of Canada. The manyrivers and lakes supply racy fresh water to meet the nations needs for itscommunities and for irrigation, agriculture, industries, transportation, andhydroelectric power generation. Canada has quartette principal drainage basins theAtlantic Basin which drains to the Atlantic Ocean by way of the grand Lakes andthe St. Lawrence River, the Hudson Bay Basin which drains northward into HudsonBay via the Churchill, Nelson and Saskatchewan rivers, the Arctic Basin which isdrained by the Mackenzie River and the Pacific Basin which drains into thePacific Ocean via the Fraser, Yukon and Columbia rivers.Canada has six major physical, or physiographic, regi ons the Canadian Shield,the Arctic Islands, the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands, the AppalachianRegion, the Interior Plains, and the Cordilleran Region.In simple terms, Canada can be considered a vast, saucer-shaped basin, borderedby mountainous lands on the west, east, and northeast. Hudson Bay and thelowlands along its grey shore form the central depression of this... ...During the last 75 years, the Canadian economy has been transformed from onbased mainly on unsophisticated production and the export of agriculturalproducts and raw materials to one based primarily on its manufacturing andservice sectors, as well as a dig sector of continuing importance. Canadaseconomy reflects an affluent high-tech industrial inn and resembles theUnited States, with whom it has close economic ties. This is one cerebrate why alarge percentage of the population live by the U.S.-Canadian border. Anotherreason is because a large number of the manufacturing plants are located in thesouthern s ection of Canada.Canada is rich in natural resources. It is a world loss leader in value of mineralexports and produces and exports many of the mineral needed for groundbreakingindustrial economies. Its soils which are especially rich in the three prairieprovinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, are intensively utilized andmake Canada one of the worlds largest exporters of agricultural products.Forests cover a lot of the land, and Canada is the worlds largest exporter ofnewsprint and a leading supplier of lumber, pulp, paper, and wood products.

Gender Differences :: essays papers

Gender DifferencesI was surprised finding extinct that the topic for our paper was active our feelings of be to the other gender. I think the title of the book Men be FromMars, Wo workforce are From Venus by John Gray applies to how unlike men and women are intheir attitudes, feelings and lifestyles. This experience for me will be enjoyablefor me since I have never thought what it would be like to be a female and also to hopefully give me a better brainstorm on a few questions that have interest me about women since I was a little kid. Both, men and women, are constantly concerned about looking pricy even though they are physically different. In order to look appealing to others, men are supposed to be big, strong, and athletic, whereas women are supposed to be thin, pretty, and big-breasted. I often wonder wherefore we put so much emphasis on the way a person looks. I think females feel more of the pressures of looking good. In the past, Ive talked to some of my girlfri ends and they told me that the pressure and competition they are faced with is nerve-wracking and painful. I told them that I am not likewise critical when checking out girls and when it comes to seeing other males bigger or stronger than myself, that I dont feel too much pressure of trying to look better than them. I am rather more concerned of my own health and ways to rectify it. I was really surprised when they told me that other girls are the ones who usually rap or pressure them. When I was aware of this, I did notice, at times, period walking around casually with my girl friends, when they werent looking appropriate, would get stares, hisses or comments from other females. I was even surprised when I heard my girlfriends talk of the town about other girls right in front of me, even though most of these times I didnt notice anything wrongor different about the other girls they were talking about. From this observation, I think the pressure of ceaselessly looking g ood would be greater if I was to be a female.I would always try to look good and to please others. Girls, I think, are faced withenormous pressures to look good. Television, for example, almost never features old,

Sybase :: essays research papers

Table of contentsTypes of mightinesses2Clustered baron2Non-clustered Index2Selection of kinges by Optimizer2Search Arguments2Index Selection3Index Distribution Stats3Index Density4Index Covering4Optimization of Cursors5Optimization of temp tables6 virtually general rules for optimization7Some useful commands10Types of indexesClustered Index (CI)     The info in this case is physically stored in the order of the index. The leaf level of the index is the same as the data pages. There evict be unaccompanied one(a) CI on a table as the data can physically be sorted in only one order. The select is extremely efficient with CI. The CI is extremely efficient in the adjacent casesa) where fname like "Ram%"b) where author_id between 1 and 7c) where cost > 345.34d) group by author_ide) order by author_nameNon-clustered index (NI)     The data in this case is not stored in the order an index is stored. The leaf-level of the index conta ins the different index keys and a pointer to the course of study as rowID (page no. + row offset). There can be 249 NI on a table. The NI should be used whena) The number of rows returned is small.b) When where clause limits the number of rows (usually = operator)c) When the query can be covered.Selection of indexes by OptimizerSEARCH ARGUMENTS (SARG)     These ar the expressions on the RHS of the where clause. They actuate as a kind of (dis)incentive to the optimizer to use the index on the column. Some search arguments are     where author_id = 13     where fname like "Ram%"     where Price > 2347.32Some expressions that are not valid SARGs are     Invalid                    ValidPrice*1.5 = kelvin          Price = 1000/1.5Qty + 10 = 200  &n bsp            Qty = 200 - 10fname + + lname          fname = buns     = "John Gray"               and lname = GraySubstring(1,3,fname) = KIR     Name like "KIR%"is goose egg(lname,"N") = "N"          lname is null          The index might not be used in the case of following SARGs1) No start point for the index.     where lname like "%abc"2) Non-matching data-types     In SQL server, null and not null are held differently.Char null is same as varchar. So when char null and char not null is compared, the optimizer has to implicitly convert the data type, which it does not at the planning time.      In some(prenominal) the above cases, distribution statistics arenot used.INDEX SELECTION     The optimizer primary looks at the query if the columnscontained in the where clause match with the columns specified in any of the index. If yes, then it proceeds further.     The optimizer then looks if the where clause contains any SARG. If thither is a valid SARG, the optimizer then looks for the distribution statistics of the index as

colonization Essay -- essays papers

villageFrom the beginning of American colonization we were a chiefly farming people. The basis of our high society was built upon agriculture, and undersize else. The compound to bodied capitalism has had such a expectant meeting on American society, it is hopeless to study any aspect of coupled States history abide Civil War with pop a direct relation, on any level, to the industrial revolution. America would non be the superpower it is straightaway had we non make the change from an agricultural society to an industrial atomic number 53 long ago. The uprising of corporate capitalism radically changed the way Americans lived forever. In the categorys former to those following the Civil War, the American lifestyle was lovely much the same. masses lived on the farm, and everybody contributed to the families well being. After the Civil War, the expert change in America was so great, it forced people to make over the way the lived their lives. vernal inventions and technology bombarded every aspect of the American life. Whereas hardly 276 inventions had been recorded during the glaring Offices first decade in the 1790s, during the single year of the Columbian Exposition 1893 22,000 patents were issued (Martin 420).The governments berth in the travel of corporate capitalism varies dep cobblers lasting upon whom you asked the question to. Some give tongue to the government held to the laissez-fair policy, charm close to said that they favored the big work and disregarded the third estate worker as a non-issue. Governments proper spot was to leave the economy alone, so as not to disrupt the movement of the natural forces that ordered the economy (Martin 426). In a actuality, both atomic number 18 probably right. To a large extent the industrialists got what they wanted- a laissez-fair policy that go away them alone, except when they needed help (Martin 426). The government fixed out no regulatory rules to the large corporations unt il the Interstate Commerce citizens committee in 1887.In 1886 the Supreme Court passed a feeling that allowed the fourteenth amendment to include a corporation as a person. States could then not deny play off protection without due process of law, and the courts were now in charge of cathode-ray oscilloscope the limit of reasonable profits by corporations (Martin 428). This erst again left wing the common perseveranceer to be subject to the ruling of their superiors in the trading world.Industrialism was growing so rapidly,... ...nvironment. While the 8-hour workday and end of child labor was a long way off, this strike helped to urge the coming of these events. The rise of corporate capitalism had such a profound positive collision on our res publica as a whole, its close to immeasurable. Without it, America would not have become the world superpower that it is today. The sacking from and agricultural society into an industrial one may have been backbreaking for thos e in the present(prenominal) wake of it, however, it was a new situation to everybody. such great scientific advances had never been seen before in America or anywhere else at any time. I believe it would be impossible for a nation to go through such tremendous changes without some misuse of power, and incumbrance on the glower housees of people. After time, things were smoothed out and ran in an refreshing manner to everybody. The big bosses were still making their money, and the lower working class people were granted the 8 hour workday, as well as having conditions improved in the workplace. Overall, I believe this to be the most most-valuable time in US history. It has developed us as a nation, and set us apart as independents untroubled enough to append for ourselves. colonization Essay -- essays paperscolonizationFrom the beginning of American colonization we were a mainly farming people. The basis of our society was built upon agriculture, and little else. The rise to corporate capitalism has had such a profound impact on American society, it is impossible to study any aspect of United States history post Civil War without a direct relation, on any level, to the industrial revolution. America would not be the superpower it is today had we not made the change from an agricultural society to an industrial one long ago. The rise of corporate capitalism radically changed the way Americans lived forever. In the years previous to those following the Civil War, the American lifestyle was pretty much the same. People lived on the farm, and everybody contributed to the families well being. After the Civil War, the technological change in America was so great, it forced people to reconstruct the way the lived their lives. New inventions and technology bombarded every aspect of the American life. Whereas only 276 inventions had been recorded during the Patent Offices first decade in the 1790s, during the single year of the Columbian Expos ition 1893 22,000 patents were issued (Martin 420).The governments role in the rise of corporate capitalism varies depending upon whom you asked the question to. Some said the government held to the laissez-fair policy, while some said that they favored the big business and disregarded the common worker as a non-issue. Governments proper role was to leave the economy alone, so as not to disrupt the operation of the natural forces that ordered the economy (Martin 426). In a actuality, both are probably right. To a large extent the industrialists got what they wanted- a laissez-fair policy that left them alone, except when they needed help (Martin 426). The government set out no regulatory rules to the large corporations until the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887.In 1886 the Supreme Court passed a ruling that allowed the 14th amendment to include a corporation as a person. States could then not deny equal protection without due process of law, and the courts were now in charge o f setting the limit of reasonable profits by corporations (Martin 428). This once again left the common laborer to be subject to the ruling of their superiors in the business world.Industrialism was growing so rapidly,... ...nvironment. While the 8-hour workday and end of child labor was a long way off, this strike helped to hasten the coming of these events. The rise of corporate capitalism had such a profound positive impact on our nation as a whole, its nearly immeasurable. Without it, America would not have become the world superpower that it is today. The shift from and agricultural society into an industrial one may have been difficult for those in the immediate wake of it, however, it was a new situation to everybody. Such great technological advances had never been seen before in America or anywhere else at any time. I believe it would be impossible for a nation to go through such tremendous changes without some misuse of power, and burden on the lower classes of people. Af ter time, things were smoothed out and ran in an acceptable manner to everybody. The big bosses were still making their money, and the lower working class people were granted the 8 hour workday, as well as having conditions improved in the workplace. Overall, I believe this to be the most important time in US history. It has developed us as a nation, and set us apart as independents strong enough to provide for ourselves.